干酪乳杆菌对北京黑猪育肥阶段肠道消化物菌群组成及乳酸、短链脂肪酸和长链脂肪酸含量的影响

本试验探讨了在饲粮中添加干酪乳杆菌对北京黑猪育肥阶段肠道消化物菌群组成及乳酸、短链脂肪酸和长链脂肪酸含量的影响。选择体重为(62.77±0.59)kg的北京黑猪120头,随机分成2组,分别为对照组和干酪乳杆菌组,每组5个重复,每个重复12头(阉公猪与母猪各占1/2)。对照组饲喂基础饲粮(不添加抗生素和干酪乳杆菌),干酪乳杆菌组在基础饲粮中添加干酪乳杆菌冻干制剂(每千克饲粮中有效活菌数为2.0×10^9 CFU)。在试验猪平均体重为92 kg时,选择20头猪进行屠宰,采集空肠和结肠中的消化物,用于分析菌群组成及乳酸、短链脂肪酸和长链脂肪酸含量。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加干酪乳杆菌显著提高了空肠中厚壁菌门和链球菌属的相对丰度(P<0.05),显著降低了变形菌门、Terrisporobacter和埃希氏菌属-志贺氏菌属的相对丰度(P<0.05);显著提高了结肠中拟杆菌门、乳杆菌属和未标记拟杆菌目_S24-7_群的相对丰度(P<0.05),显著降低了链球菌属的相对丰度(P<0.05)。2)与对照组相比,干酪乳杆菌组结肠中乳酸含量显著降低(P<0.05),丁酸含量显著升高(P<0.05)。3)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加干酪乳杆菌显著降低了空肠中山嵛酸和顺-15-二十四碳一烯酸含量(P<0.05),显著提高了二十二碳六烯酸和ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸含量(P<0.05);显著降低了结肠中棕榈油酸和花生四烯酸含量(P<0.05)。综上所述,在北京黑猪育肥阶段饲粮中添加干酪乳杆菌,减少了空肠中埃希氏菌属-志贺氏菌属的相对丰度,增加了结肠中乳杆菌属的相对丰度;降低了结肠中乳酸的含量,提高了丁酸的含量;提高了空肠中二十二碳六烯酸的含量,降低了结肠中花生四烯酸的含量。肠道内的这些变化有利于猪群健康和生长性能的提高。     

Collection of ear corn residue and its utilization as a bulking agent for cow manure composting

This study examined the collection, storage, and utilization of ear corn residue as a bulking agent for composting. Ear corn residue left in fields was collected by a sequence of windrowing and round baling operations, which showed a collection efficiency of 53%?56%. More than 70% of the corn stalks had lengths shorter than 15 cm. The moisture content of corn residue collected in late October was approximately 58%; it decreased to 23% during storage. Dried corn residue was mixed with raw manure in two different ways, namely using complete mixing (CM) treatment or creating a bottom layer of residue, and a total of 3.4 t of the manure and ear corn residue mixture were composted using a pilot‐scale composting apparatus. The results showed that the CM treatment resulted in higher temperature generation and produced less odorous and well‐degraded compost after 2 months of composting, while the odorous compounds in the compost with corn residue as the bottom layer remained similar to those of the initial compost. To sufficiently utilize the advantages of the ear corn residue, thorough mixing of the corn residue with raw manure is preferable; this procedure produced well‐degraded and safety compost in a shorter time period.     

不同种类脂肪酸对延边黄牛骨骼肌卫星细胞成脂转分化的影响

试验旨在探究用同一浓度不同种类的脂肪酸单体（油酸、硬脂酸、棕榈油酸及棕榈酸）处理延边黄牛骨骼肌卫星细胞（BSC）,研究其对脂肪生成相关基因表达及脂滴形成的影响。从18月龄延边黄牛半膜肌中分离提取骨骼肌卫星细胞进行体外培养,在分化培养基中分别添加100 μmol/L油酸（OA）、硬脂酸（SA）、棕榈油酸（POA）和棕榈酸（PA）培养96 h,油红O染色观察脂滴生成情况,并利用实时荧光定量PCR法检测与脂肪生成相关基因过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ（PPARγ）、固醇调节原件结合蛋白1（SREBP1）、硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶（SCD）、CCAAT/增强子结合蛋白α（C/EBPα）的表达。油红O染色结果显示,与对照组相比,所有的脂肪酸处理组细胞均有脂滴形成,油酸和棕榈油酸处理组相对于棕榈酸和硬脂酸处理组在肌管内形成的脂滴数量更多,且脂滴的形态较大。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,在延边黄牛骨骼肌卫星细胞中添加油酸和棕榈油酸等不饱和脂肪酸增加了与脂肪合成相关基因PPARγ、SREBP1、C/EBPα的表达,抑制了SCD基因的表达;添加饱和脂肪酸（硬脂酸和棕榈酸）则在促进PPARγ、SREBP1、C/EBPα基因表达的同时也显著增加了SCD基因的表达（P < 0.05）。结果表明,添加脂肪酸可以诱导延边黄牛骨骼肌卫星细胞向脂肪细胞转分化。     

Amino acids regulate energy utilization through mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 and adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase pathway in porcine enterocytes

As major fuels for the small intestinal mucosa, dietary amino acids (AA) are catabolized in the mitochondria and serve as sources of energy production. The present study was conducted to investigate AA metabolism that supply cell energy and the underlying signaling pathways in porcine enterocytes. Intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) were treated with different concentrations of AA, inhibitor, or agonist of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK), and mitochondrial respiration was monitored. The results showed that AA treatments resulted in enhanced mitochondrial respiration, increased intracellular content of pyruvic acid and lactic acid, and increased hormone-sensitive lipase mRNA expression. Meanwhile, decreased citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase alpha, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 mRNA expression were also observed. We found that AA treatments increased the protein levels of phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR), phosphorylated-p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase, and phosphorylated-4E-binding protein 1. What is more, the protein levels of phosphorylated AMPK α (p-AMPKα) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) were decreased by AA treatments in a time depending manner. Mitochondrial bioenergetics and the production of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates were decreased upon inhibition of mTORC1 or AMPK. Moreover, AMPK activation could up-regulate the mRNA expressions of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta (Ikbkβ), integrin-linked protein kinase (ILK), unconventional myosin-Ic (Myo1c), ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-2 (RPS6Kβ2), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-β, which are downstream effectors of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). The mRNA expressions of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform (PIK3CD) and 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-1 (PRKAG1), which are upstream regulators of mTOR, were also up-regulated by AMPK activation. On the other hand, AMPK activation also down-regulated FK506-binding protein 1A (FKBP1A), serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B beta isoform, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), and unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 (Ulk1), which are up-stream regulators of mTORC1. Taken together, these data indicated that AA regulated cellular energy metabolism through mTOR and AMPK pathway in porcine enterocytes. These results demonstrated interactions of AMPK and mTORC1 pathways in AA catabolism and energy metabolism in intestinal mucosa cells of piglets, and also provided reference for using AA to remedy human intestinal diseases.     

Dietary pectic oligosaccharide supplementation improves rat reproductive performance via regulating intestinal volatile fatty acids during middle gestation

As a kind of green additive, pectic oligosaccharide (POS) may regulate some physiological functions of animals, such as gut health, antioxidant capacity, immunity and lipid metabolism. This study aimed to identify whether POS administration can improve maternal reproduction, and to determine the possible metabolism. A total of 48 pregnant Wistar rats randomly allotted into 2 groups, and each group was fed a diet supplemented with 0 or 800 mg/kg of POS. Pectic oligosaccharide administration increased rat born number (P < 0.05), did not affect rat embryo number on d 7 of gestation, but increased rat fetus number on d 14 of gestation (P < 0.05). On d 14 of gestation, POS treatment improved Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium populations and volatile fatty acid concentrations of cecal digesta (P < 0.05), hormone (progesterone and nitric oxide) and cytokine (interleukin 2) concentrations of serum (P < 0.05), and antioxidant capacity of serum (increased total antioxidant capacity and decreased malondialdehyde) and placenta (increased total superoxide dismutase, decreased malondialdehyde) (P < 0.05) in pregnant rats. These results suggest that POS administration improved rat reproduction via decreasing fetus loss in middle gestation. This was due to the increased volatile fatty acid concentrations in rat gut improving hormone and inflammatory-cytokine productions, and antioxidant capacity.     

玉米氨基酸含量的杂种优势分析

采用6个母本、4个父本，按NCⅡ设计，配制24个杂交组合，对16种氨基酸含量的杂种优势进行了分析。结果表明：F1中各种氨基酸含量，有的表现出正向杂种优势，有的为负向杂种优势。并对各种氨基酸间的相关、亲子相关进行了研究。     

氨基酸间的距离与蛋白质进化的随机模型

用遗传密码词典中61个密码作为链的状态,提出了一个氨基酸替代的马氏链模型。将20种氨基酸间首次通过时间作为突变距离与 Grantham(1974)的氨基酸间理化距离以及Dayhoff(1978)的相对替代概率做相关分析。结果表明,替代概率与理化距离的相关大大高于与突变距离间的相关,说明蛋白质进化过程中,是自然选择而非突变起着决定性作用。     

饲料中添加包膜氨基酸对异育银鲫生长和体成分的影响

分别进行了两个试验考察包膜氨基酸的作用效果。试验一以硬化油脂、明胶包膜赖氨酸、蛋氨酸，测定了其水中溶失率。结果表明，晶体赖氨酸、硬化油脂、明胶包膜赖氨酸的水中溶失率分别为57．0％、14．3％、21．3％；晶体蛋氨酸、硬化油脂、明胶包膜蛋氨酸的水中溶失率分别为87．7％、19．0％、28．0％，晶体氨基酸经硬化油脂、明胶包膜后，其水中溶失率极显著降低（P〈0．01）；试验二在鱼粉含量为9％的基础饲料（对照组）中分别添加晶体、硬化油脂包膜、明胶包膜的0．23％赖氨酸和0．09％蛋氨酸，饲养平均体重为2．48g的异育银鲫鱼种6周。结果表明，对照组、晶体氨基酸组、硬化油脂包膜氨基酸组、明胶包膜氨基酸组的鱼体增重率分别为169．8％、173．3％、201．4％、200．2％，添加晶体氨酸对异育银鲫的生长无改善（P〉0．10），但添加硬化油脂包膜或明胶包膜氨基酸试验组鱼体增重率为18．6％、17．9％（P〈0．05），饲料系数下降0．28、0．37（P〈0．05），显著促进了异育银鲫的生长。对肌肉营养成分的分析表明，不同处理鱼体肌肉在水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分组成方面无显著差异（P〉0．05）。上述研究表明，晶体氨基酸经硬化油脂、明胶包膜处理后，其水中溶失率显著降低，利用性显著提高，在低鱼粉饲料中添加后对异育银鲫具有显著的促生长作用。     

马铃薯品种对细菌软腐病抗性生理指标的研究——Ⅰ.品种的游离氨基酸含量及其与软腐病抗性的关系

马铃薯块茎在为期4个月的低温贮藏过程中,游离氨基酸含量变化很大,但品种之间没有一致的变化趋势,与其对软腐病的抗性也没有明显的关系。17个品种的测定表明,品种的游离氨基酸含量高低与抗性无关。经低温处理和部分厌氧处理,较感病的品种克新四号的游离氨基酸含量变化与感病性呈正相关,较抗病的品种克新九号的游离氨基酸含量变化与抗病性呈正相关。受到侵染后,感、抗品种的腐烂组织中游离氨基酸都减少,而在病健交界处的组织中大量积累游离氨基酸.